標準分解數及因數個數探討 :
假設存在一個數 a , a ∈ Z , 其標準分解式如下:
a = p1 n1 ×p2 n2 ×p2 n2×... ×pk nk , pi 是質數 ,且 ni ∈ N ∪ {0} . 則如下的性質為何 ?
A. a的正因數的個數是多少 ?
分析如下:
舉一例,如 12 , 其正因數共有 1,2,3,4,6,12 共有 6 個,那這6個如何來的 ? 首先,我們分析其所有的因數如上面的模式
12 = 22 ×31 , 其中 22 有的因數為 20, 21 ,22 , 而 31 的因數為 30 , 31 則藉由乘法原則故 3 × 2 = 6
Again , another example , 54 = 33 × 21 , 4 × 2 = 8 , 其因數有 1,2,3,6,9,18,27,54 .
故分析如上的問題, 其正因數的個數共有 (1+n1) × (1+ n2) × (1+ n3) × ... × (1+ nk). 即若一件事情需要完成需要 m1 , m2 , m3 , ... , mk 個階段, 而每個階段各有n1 , n2 , n3 , ... , nk 種方法, 故完成此件事有 n1 × n2 × n3 × ... × nk 種可能的方法
那所有的因數的個數為 2 ×[(1+n1) × (1+ n2) × (1+ n3) × ... × (1+ nk)]
(正負各半)
Again , what is the summation of all factors ?
According to above example , 12 owns 1,2,3,4,6 and 12. total numbers is 6 . Then the summation is 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 12 = 22 + 6 = 28 , and 28 = 4 × 7 = ( 30 + 31 ) × ( 20 + 21 + 22 ) Maybe it is a way. Again , see 2nd number 54 's all factors are 1,2,3,6,9,18,27,54 , then the summation of them is
1 + 2 + 3 + 6 + 9 + 18 + 27 + 54 = 12 + 9 + 18 + 27 + 54 = 39 + 27 + 54 = 81+39 = 120 ; that is , ( 20 + 21 ) × ( 30 + 31 + 32 + 33 ) = 3 × 40
所以,任意的整數其所有正因數之為
( P10 + P11+ P12+...+ P2k1) × ( P20 + P21+ P22+ ...+ P2k2 ) × ... × ( Pm0 + Pm1+ Pm22+ ...+ Pm2km ) , 但是所有因數之和為 0 ( 因為正負相消)
所有正因數之積 , 回顧上面的例子, 12 的正因數為 1,2,3,4,6,及12故其正因數之積為 1×2×3×4×6×12 .
我們令 m = 1×2×3×4×6×12 , 則 12 = 12×12×12×12×12×12 =126 = m2 ∴ m = 123
可以歸納一個結果, 任何一個正整數的正因數之積 = (本身)正因數個數/2
那一個變異的問題, 如果其所有正因數倒數之和又為多少 ?
我們再看如上的問題, 12 的正因數為1,2,3,4,6,及12 , 所以其各倒數為 1/2 , 1/3 , 1/4 , 1/6 , 及 1/12 . 那我們將其加總為 1/1+1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + 1/6 + 1/12 = (12+6+4+4+2+1)/12 = 正因數的總和/其數
因數與倍數的關係
假設 a,b ∈ Z , b ≠ 0 , 則存在一個整數q 使得 a = q×b , 則稱 b|a (唸做 b given a ). Again 若存在三個整數 a,b,c 即 a,b,c ∈ Z ; 若 c|a 且 c|b ,∀n , m ∈ Z 則 c | ma ± nb .
Okay. We start proving it.
已知 a,b,c ∈ Z ∵ c|a , 即存在一個整數q 使得 a= q×c , c ≠ 0 同時,
c|b , 即存在一個整數p 使得 b= p×c 則
假設存在兩個整數 m, n , 則 ma = m×q×c 且 nb = n×p×c . 將其兩者相加,即 ma + nb = mqc + npc = (mq+np)×c ,∵ m,n,p,q ∈ Z ∴mq +np ∈ Z 又 ∵ c ∈ Z , therefore c | (ma+nb) 同理, C | (ma−nb) Q.E.D.
Ex. 若 x 是自然數 , 且 6x-7/4x-3 也是自然數, 求 x
To resolve this question is easy.
Because x is a nature number ; that is x ∈ z+ , and 6x-7/4x-3 is also a number number. So , we given alternative number k and 6x-7/4x-3 = k , k ∈ z+
then x = (7 - 3k) / (6 - 4k) . But it k is a variable and we still not resolve it !
Ex. 若 x 是自然數 , 且 6x-7/4x-3 也是自然數, 求 x
To resolve this question is easy.
Because x is a nature number ; that is x ∈ z+ , and 6x-7/4x-3 is also a number number. So , we given alternative number k and 6x-7/4x-3 = k , k ∈ z+
then x = (7 - 3k) / (6 - 4k) . But it k is a variable and we still not resolve it !
Now we must use above property to find x's value . Consider it again , we want to omit the variable x , then must use above property.
∵ 6x-7/4x-3 ∈ z+ ∴ 4x-3 | 6x-7. According to above property, we can find 4 and 6 's lcm is 12 , then 4x -3 | 2(6x-7) - 3(4x-3) ⇒ 4x - 3 | 12x - 14 - 12x + 9 ⇒ 4x-3 | -5 . That means 4x -3 | 5 consider the positive factors of 5, one is 1 and the other is 5 .
if 4x- 3 = 1 , then x = 1 , 1 | -1 (不合)
if 4x -3 = 5 , then x =2 , 5 | 5
求整數解
將原是化成兩個因式的乘積,即A×B並令A×B = m , m ∈ N (因為是求整數解,故必然為正整數) , 然後再分解討論之.
EX. xy = 3 , x, y ∈ N , 即 x = 3 and y =1 or x =1 and y =3
EX. x ∈ N and (4x2 - 11)1/2 ∈ N , find x
∵ (4x2 - 11)1/2 ∈ N , Let y = (4x2 - 11)1/2 , y ∈ N
y2 = (4x2 - 11)
⇒ y2 - 4x2 = -11
⇒ 4x2 - y2 = 11
各種倍數的特性
A. 2的倍數,其個位數可被2整除
B. 3的倍數,其所有各個數字和能被3整除
Show that as below
假設有個n位數的數字 n , n = anan-1an-2an-3 ... a4a3a2a1 , 0 ≤ ai ≤ 9 ; 則其可以寫成 an×10n +an-1×10n-1 +an-2×10n-2 + ...+ a2×10 + a1 , 接著我們將兩位數以上(含)每一項接減本身的係數並加其減項總和,即 ai ; 則我們可以得到 ( an×10n - an) + ( an-1×10n-1 - an-1 ) + ... + ( a2×10 - a2 ) + ( a1 + a2 + ... + an-1 + an ) . To rewrite it as below :
999...9 × an + 999...9 × an-1 + ... +9 × a2 + ( a1 + a2 + ... + an-1 + an ) ( 每一項的係數為n位數,且各位數皆為9)
⇒32 × ( 111...11 × an + 1111 ...1 × an-1 + ... + a2 ) + ( a1 + a2 + ... + an-1 + an )
Let n' = 32 × ( 111...11 × an + 1111 ...1 × an-1 + ... + a2 ) , p = ( a1 + a2 + ... + an-1 + an ) , then n = n' + p ; n' , p ∈ N
C. 4的倍數,其末兩位數可以被4整除
Show that as below
Assume there exists a number that owns n digits , anan-1an-2an-3 ... a2a1.Then we can part it to two parts , one is anan-1an-2an-3 ... a4a3 and the other is a2a1 . And we let 1st number X = anan-1an-2an-3 ... a4a300 and 2nd number y = a2a1 . Because X = 100 × anan-1an-2an-3 ... a4a3 , and it can be written in this form , 4 × 25 × ( anan-1an-2an-3 ... a4a3 ) ,so 4 | x . and if 4 | y, then 4 | x+y. Q.E.D.
D. 5的倍數,其個位數為5 或 0
E. 6的倍數, 所有位數的和為2及3的倍數
因為 6 的因數為 2及 3 ,即 6 = 2 × 3 .
若假設有一數n , n = anan-1an-2an-3 ... a2a1 , 而其可以寫成 p1 n1 ×p2 n2 ×p3 n3×... ×pm nm , 其中 pi 是質數 且 ni ∈ N ∪ {0} ,
若 pipj = 6 , i ≠ j 且 pi 及 pj 的乘冪 ni , nj 之和 , ni +nj ≥ 2 ; 則該數能表示成如下的形式:
n = 6 × (2 (ni -1) × 3 (nj -1) ) × ... × pk nk ×pk+1 nk+1×... ×pm nm , 則 6 | n Q.E.D.
F. 7的倍數,由末位起,右向左每三位數為一區間一取,少於3位補零. 則將區間內的數加總,計算 第奇數區間數之總和 - 第偶數區間數之總和 能被7整除即是
G. 8的倍數,末三位為8的倍數 (若缺項由MSB前一項開始,依序補0並使其成為3的倍數即可).
For example , 8 ∤ 18 ( 8 can't given 18 ) , 8 ∤38 , 8∤58 , but 8 ∣ 8 , 8 ∣ 48 .
Can we discover the rule among them ?
Analysis this case as below :
歸納如上的結果,我們可以得到一個通則 ; 假設有一個數字 x , x = anan-1an-2an-3 ... a2a1 , 及 ai = 9 , i ∈ {1,2,3, ... , n} , n > 3 ; 其由 0 到 anan-1an-2an-3 ... a2a1 之間的8的倍數個數總和為 Sn , Sn = 1 + 11 + 124 + 1125 + 11250 + 112500 + ... = 12 + 124 + 1125 + 11250 + ... = 136 + 1125 × ( 1+ 10 + 102 + 102 + 102 + ... + 10n-4 )
H. 9的倍數,其所有各個數字和能被9整除
J. 任何大於3的質數可以表示為6的倍數加1或是減1
if 4x- 3 = 1 , then x = 1 , 1 | -1 (不合)
if 4x -3 = 5 , then x =2 , 5 | 5
求整數解
將原是化成兩個因式的乘積,即A×B並令A×B = m , m ∈ N (因為是求整數解,故必然為正整數) , 然後再分解討論之.
EX. xy = 3 , x, y ∈ N , 即 x = 3 and y =1 or x =1 and y =3
EX. x ∈ N and (4x2 - 11)1/2 ∈ N , find x
∵ (4x2 - 11)1/2 ∈ N , Let y = (4x2 - 11)1/2 , y ∈ N
y2 = (4x2 - 11)
⇒ y2 - 4x2 = -11
⇒ 4x2 - y2 = 11
⇒ (2x-y)(2x+y) = 1
∵ x , y ∈ N , so 2x+y > 2x -y ; therefore , 2x+y =11 and 2x-y =1
∴ 4x = 12 , x = 3 replace above and get y = 5 各種倍數的特性
A. 2的倍數,其個位數可被2整除
B. 3的倍數,其所有各個數字和能被3整除
Show that as below
假設有個n位數的數字 n , n = anan-1an-2an-3 ... a4a3a2a1 , 0 ≤ ai ≤ 9 ; 則其可以寫成 an×10n +an-1×10n-1 +an-2×10n-2 + ...+ a2×10 + a1 , 接著我們將兩位數以上(含)每一項接減本身的係數並加其減項總和,即 ai ; 則我們可以得到 ( an×10n - an) + ( an-1×10n-1 - an-1 ) + ... + ( a2×10 - a2 ) + ( a1 + a2 + ... + an-1 + an ) . To rewrite it as below :
999...9 × an + 999...9 × an-1 + ... +9 × a2 + ( a1 + a2 + ... + an-1 + an ) ( 每一項的係數為n位數,且各位數皆為9)
⇒32 × ( 111...11 × an + 1111 ...1 × an-1 + ... + a2 ) + ( a1 + a2 + ... + an-1 + an )
Let n' = 32 × ( 111...11 × an + 1111 ...1 × an-1 + ... + a2 ) , p = ( a1 + a2 + ... + an-1 + an ) , then n = n' + p ; n' , p ∈ N
Because n' is a multiple of three , then n can be rewrite as below :
n = 3k + p , if p is also a multiple of three ,then n = 3k + 3m , m ∈ N , it can be written as n = 3q , q = k+ m , q ∈ N . Therefore , we just need to justify whether m is a multiple of three .
C. 4的倍數,其末兩位數可以被4整除
Show that as below
Assume there exists a number that owns n digits , anan-1an-2an-3 ... a2a1.Then we can part it to two parts , one is anan-1an-2an-3 ... a4a3 and the other is a2a1 . And we let 1st number X = anan-1an-2an-3 ... a4a300 and 2nd number y = a2a1 . Because X = 100 × anan-1an-2an-3 ... a4a3 , and it can be written in this form , 4 × 25 × ( anan-1an-2an-3 ... a4a3 ) ,so 4 | x . and if 4 | y, then 4 | x+y. Q.E.D.
D. 5的倍數,其個位數為5 或 0
E. 6的倍數, 所有位數的和為2及3的倍數
因為 6 的因數為 2及 3 ,即 6 = 2 × 3 .
若假設有一數n , n = anan-1an-2an-3 ... a2a1 , 而其可以寫成 p1 n1 ×p2 n2 ×p3 n3×... ×pm nm , 其中 pi 是質數 且 ni ∈ N ∪ {0} ,
若 pipj = 6 , i ≠ j 且 pi 及 pj 的乘冪 ni , nj 之和 , ni +nj ≥ 2 ; 則該數能表示成如下的形式:
n = 6 × (2 (ni -1) × 3 (nj -1) ) × ... × pk nk ×pk+1 nk+1×... ×pm nm , 則 6 | n Q.E.D.
F. 7的倍數,由末位起,右向左每三位數為一區間一取,少於3位補零. 則將區間內的數加總,計算 第奇數區間數之總和 - 第偶數區間數之總和 能被7整除即是
G. 8的倍數,末三位為8的倍數 (若缺項由MSB前一項開始,依序補0並使其成為3的倍數即可).
For example , 8 ∤ 18 ( 8 can't given 18 ) , 8 ∤38 , 8∤58 , but 8 ∣ 8 , 8 ∣ 48 .
Can we discover the rule among them ?
Analysis this case as below :
one-digit number : 8
two-digits number : 16 , 24, 32 , 40 , 48 , 56 , 64, 72, 80 , 88 , 96
three-digits number : 104 , 112 , 120 , 128 , 136 , 144 , 152 , 160 , 168,176,184,192 , 200 ,208, 216, 224, 232, 240, 248, 256, 264 , 272, 280, 288, 296, 304, 312, 320 , 328, 336,344, 352, 360, 368, 376, 384 , 392, 400 , ... , , 992
four-digits number : 1000, 1008 , 1016 , 1024 , 1032 , .... , 9992
five-digits number : 10000 , 10008, 10016 , ... , 99992
... and so forth.
分析如上的結果:
能被8整除的兩位數共有11個 (10 ~ 99 )
能被8整除的三位數且介於100與199之間的共有12個
能被8整除的三位數且介於200與299之間的共有13個
能被8整除的三位數且介於300與399之間的共有12個
能被8整除的三位數且介於400與499之間的共有13個
能被8整除的三位數且介於500與599之間的共有12個
能被8整除的三位數且介於600與699之間的共有13個
能被8整除的三位數且介於700與799之間的共有12個
能被8整除的三位數且介於800與899之間的共有13個
能被8整除的三位數且介於900與999之間的共有12個
有 12 × 5 + 13 × 4 = 112 個3位數字為8的倍數, 而由 0 ~ 999 共有 1 + 11 (兩位數) + 112 (三位數) = 12 + 112 = 124 個8的倍數的數字.
假設有一個正整數 N , N = a3a2a1a0 ; 其中 0 ≤ ai ≤ 9 , i ∈ {0,1,2} and 1 ≤ a3 ≤ 9 . N = M + P , 其中 M = k × 1000 , 1 ≤ k ≤ 9 , k∈N ; M ∈N 及 P ∈ { 0,1,2,...999 } , P 是正整數 , 而 M = { x ∈ Z+ | 1000 | x and 1000 ≤ x ≤ 9999 }. 所以,位於1000 到 9999 間的8的倍數數字分析共有:
1000 ~ 1999 : 1000 to 1992 ( total 125 )
2000 ~ 2999 : 2000 to 2992 ( total 125 )
... 每個區間的8 的倍數個數皆同, 故 125 × 9 = 1125 ( from 1000 to 9999 )
故由 0 到 9999 所有的8 的倍數個數 (0 非8的倍數) 共有 1125 + 124 = 1249 個.
那由10000 到 99999 之間有多少個共為 1+ 1249 =1250 ?
10000 ~ 19999 : 即由 10000 到 (10000 + 19992) 共為 1+ 1249 =1250
20000 ~ 29999 : 即由 20000 到 (20000 + 29992) 共為 1+ 1249 =1250
.... 類推,故由10000 到 99999 間所有8 的倍數個數為1250 × 9 = 11250
那100000 到 999999 間所有8 的倍數個數為多少 ? 112500
故可以觀察一個現象, 假設有一個數字x且為n位數字, x = anan-1an-2an-3 ... a2a1 , 1 ≤ ai ≤ 9 , i = n 且 0 ≤ aj ≤ 9 , j ∈ {1,2,3, ... , n-1} .
若當 n > 3時, 其間( anan-1an-2an-3 ... a2a1 到 an0000 ...0 , 1 ≤ an ≤ 9 )的8的倍數的個數為 1125 × 10 n-4
歸納如上的結果,我們可以得到一個通則 ; 假設有一個數字 x , x = anan-1an-2an-3 ... a2a1 , 及 ai = 9 , i ∈ {1,2,3, ... , n} , n > 3 ; 其由 0 到 anan-1an-2an-3 ... a2a1 之間的8的倍數個數總和為 Sn , Sn = 1 + 11 + 124 + 1125 + 11250 + 112500 + ... = 12 + 124 + 1125 + 11250 + ... = 136 + 1125 × ( 1+ 10 + 102 + 102 + 102 + ... + 10n-4 )
H. 9的倍數,其所有各個數字和能被9整除
To prove this fact is very similar to term 3 , just modify check whether P is a multiple of 9 .
I. 假設有一個數字x , x = anan-1an-2an-3 ... a2a1 , 將奇數項的數字加總,即∑ a2i+1 , 0 ≤ i ≤ ⌊n/2⌋, 另外將偶數項的數字加總 , 即∑ a2j , 0 ≤ j ≤ ⌊n/2⌋ ;則 ∑ a2i+1 - ∑ a2j = ∑ (a2i+1 - a2j) , 0 ≤ i , j ≤ ⌊n/2⌋. 若 11 | ∑ (a2i+1 - a2j) , 則 x 為11 的倍數. J. 任何大於3的質數可以表示為6的倍數加1或是減1
首先 ,將一些質數由最小依序列出來為 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37, ...
除去2,3之外觀察及分析如下:
5 = 6 - 1
7 = 6 +1
11 = 12 - 1 = 6 × 2 - 1
13 = 12 +1 = 6 × 2 +1
17 = 18 - 1 = 6 × 3 - 1
19 = 18 +1 = 6 × 3 +1
23 = 24 - 1 = 6 × 4 - 1
29 = 30 - 1 = 6 × 5 - 1
... 類推
觀察出來,所列的質數有一同性質,即為 6k + 1 或是 6k -1; k 是正整數.
針對任何正整數而言, 其被6所除而餘的數為0,1,2,3,4及5. 固有6個同餘的等價類, 即 [0] = {n| n = 6m , m ∈ Z+ } , [1] = {n| n = 6m+1 , m ∈ Z+ } , [2] = {n| n = 6m+2 , m ∈ Z+ } , [3] = {n| n = 6m+3 , m ∈ Z+ } , [4] = {n| n = 6m+4 , m ∈ Z+ } , [5] = {n| n = 6m+5 , m ∈ Z+ } ; 其中分析上面的同餘類,
[0] : 為6 的倍數, 非質數
[2] : 除6但餘2 , 所以 n = 6m + 2 = 2(3m+1) 為偶數
[3] : 除6但餘3 , 所以 n = 6m + 3 = 3(2m+1) 為3的倍數,非質數
[4] : 除6但餘4 , 所以 n = 6m + 4 = 2(3m+2) 為偶數
故以上4類數字絕非質數, 所以質數為[1] 及[5] 的同餘. 即 n = 6m +1 或 n = 6m +5 = 6(m+1) -1 ,所以任何大於3的質數可以表示為6的倍數加1或是減1,故得證.
倍數判斷
除去2,3之外觀察及分析如下:
5 = 6 - 1
7 = 6 +1
11 = 12 - 1 = 6 × 2 - 1
13 = 12 +1 = 6 × 2 +1
17 = 18 - 1 = 6 × 3 - 1
19 = 18 +1 = 6 × 3 +1
23 = 24 - 1 = 6 × 4 - 1
29 = 30 - 1 = 6 × 5 - 1
... 類推
觀察出來,所列的質數有一同性質,即為 6k + 1 或是 6k -1; k 是正整數.
針對任何正整數而言, 其被6所除而餘的數為0,1,2,3,4及5. 固有6個同餘的等價類, 即 [0] = {n| n = 6m , m ∈ Z+ } , [1] = {n| n = 6m+1 , m ∈ Z+ } , [2] = {n| n = 6m+2 , m ∈ Z+ } , [3] = {n| n = 6m+3 , m ∈ Z+ } , [4] = {n| n = 6m+4 , m ∈ Z+ } , [5] = {n| n = 6m+5 , m ∈ Z+ } ; 其中分析上面的同餘類,
[0] : 為6 的倍數, 非質數
[2] : 除6但餘2 , 所以 n = 6m + 2 = 2(3m+1) 為偶數
[3] : 除6但餘3 , 所以 n = 6m + 3 = 3(2m+1) 為3的倍數,非質數
[4] : 除6但餘4 , 所以 n = 6m + 4 = 2(3m+2) 為偶數
故以上4類數字絕非質數, 所以質數為[1] 及[5] 的同餘. 即 n = 6m +1 或 n = 6m +5 = 6(m+1) -1 ,所以任何大於3的質數可以表示為6的倍數加1或是減1,故得證.
倍數判斷
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